Introduction

Matrix organization

Mergers by absorption

Risks related to the expansion of the scope of criminal liability of legal entities

Validity conditions

Proof of delegation

Exemption from individual liability of delegator

Attribution of offense to legal entity

Delegations of authority

Criminal risk management within business organizations

Complicity in crimes against humanity

Breaches of secrecy

Personal data breaches

Theft

Extortion

Blackmail

Fraud

Misappropriation

Receiving/concealment of unlawfully obtained property (recel)

Attacks on automated data processing systems

Money laundering

Misappropriation by public official (concussion)

Corruption and influence peddling

Unlawful acquisition of an interest

Favoritism

Forgery and use of forgeries

Violation of Criminal Code

Offenses under the Monetary and Financial Code

Offenses under the Commercial Code

Environmental Code violations

Offenses arising from other codes

Types of offenses

Offenses under the Criminal Code, the Commercial Code, or the Environmental Code, Criminal procedure

White Collar Crime (en cours)

The process used to create the forgery must have the purpose and effect of altering the substance or the properties of the material medium . However, the offense of forgery does not require that the falsified document create the right it attests . It is sufficient that the authenticity of the document is in question, meaning that its form is falsified, regardless of whether its content is accurate …

Material misrepresentation

The process used to create the forgery must have the purpose and effect of altering the substance or the properties of the material medium . However, the offense of forgery does not require that the falsified document create the right it attests . It is sufficient that the authenticity of the document is in question, meaning that its form is falsified, regardless of whether its content is accurate.

The fabrication of a document that creates the illusion of a legal reality  constitutes material forgery likely to be prejudicial to  a third party, even if it conforms to the original . Material forgery notably includes the fabrication of agreements, provisions, obligations, or waivers in substitution for the original documents , the forgery of a signature , or even signatures on blank paper (blanc-seing) .

Cass. crim., 19 December 1974, No 73-92.630, LawLex202300003749JBJ.

Cass. crim., 16 June 2021, LawLex202200002177JBJ.

Cass. crim., 18 May 2005, No 04-84.742, LawLex202200010178JBJ. See also, Cass. crim., 10 November 1999, No 98-80.760, LawLex202200010756JBJ, for entries recorded in a company's accounting books giving the appearance of real commercial transactions to a ficititious commercial activity.

Cass. crim., 7 February 1973, No 71-91.432, LawLex202200010703JBJ; 3 June 2004, LawLex202200010701JBJ; 12 September 2018, LawLex202200010717JBJ; 25 October 2023, LawLex202400005255JBJ.

Cass. crim., 7 February 1973, LawLex202200010703JBJ, which specifies that one cannot create a title for oneself; 26 February 1990, LawLex202300003193JBJ, for a fictitious lease; 3 June 2004, LawLex202200010701JBJ, for an employment contract copied verbatim from an archived carbon copy; 12 September 2018, LawLex202200010717JBJ, for fake service contracts.

Cass. crim., 5 January 1971, LawLex202200010706JBJ; 2 October 2001, LawLex202300003192JBJ.

Cass. crim., 20 June 1996, LawLex202200010500JBJ.

White Collar Crime (en cours)

159. Material misrepresentation

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Les décisions de justice citées dans ce paragraphe :

Les notions juridiques connexes

159. Material misrepresentation

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Les décisions de justice citées dans ce paragraphe :

Les notions juridiques connexes

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