Introduction

Matrix organization

Mergers by absorption

Risks related to the expansion of the scope of criminal liability of legal entities

Validity conditions

Proof of delegation

Exemption from individual liability of delegator

Attribution of offense to legal entity

Delegations of authority

Criminal risk management within business organizations

Complicity in crimes against humanity

Breaches of secrecy

Personal data breaches

Theft

Extortion

Blackmail

Fraud

Misappropriation

Receiving/concealment of unlawfully obtained property (recel)

Attacks on automated data processing systems

Money laundering

Misappropriation by public official (concussion)

Corruption and influence peddling

Unlawful acquisition of an interest

Favoritism

Forgery and use of forgeries

Violation of Criminal Code

Offenses under the Monetary and Financial Code

Offenses under the Commercial Code

Environmental Code violations

Offenses arising from other codes

Types of offenses

Offenses under the Criminal Code, the Commercial Code, or the Environmental Code, Criminal procedure

White Collar Crime (en cours)

Attacks on aquatic and marine environments are illustrated by three main offenses: pollution of surface water, groundwater, or sea water (Art. L. 216-6, para. 1), abandoning waste in bodies of water (Art. L. 216-6, para. 3), and pollution of freshwater or fish farming (Art. L. 432-2).

The offense of pollution of surface water, groundwater, or sea water and the offense of abandoning waste in bodies of water, initially penalized under Article 22 of the law of 3 January 1992 on water , were incorporated into the Environmental Code in Article L. 216-6 by Ordinance No 2000-914 of 18 September 2000, whose provisions were deemed by the Court of Cassation to be clear and precise, allowing for their interpretation and sanction without risk of arbitrariness .

Law No 92-3 of 3 January 1992 on water, OJ of 4 January 1992.

Cass. crim. 30 November 2010, LawLex202300008318JBJ; 7 October 2014, LawLex202300001065JBJ; 24 March 2015, LawLex202300008488JBJ.

Protection of water and aquatic environments

212. Protection of water and aquatic environments