Introduction

Matrix organization

Mergers by absorption

Risks related to the expansion of the scope of criminal liability of legal entities

Validity conditions

Proof of delegation

Exemption from individual liability of delegator

Attribution of offense to legal entity

Delegations of authority

Criminal risk management within business organizations

Complicity in crimes against humanity

Breaches of secrecy

Personal data breaches

Theft

Extortion

Blackmail

Fraud

Misappropriation

Receiving/concealment of unlawfully obtained property (recel)

Attacks on automated data processing systems

Money laundering

Misappropriation by public official (concussion)

Corruption and influence peddling

Unlawful acquisition of an interest

Favoritism

Forgery and use of forgeries

Violation of Criminal Code

Offenses under the Monetary and Financial Code

Offenses under the Commercial Code

Environmental Code violations

Offenses arising from other codes

Types of offenses

Offenses under the Criminal Code, the Commercial Code, or the Environmental Code, Criminal procedure

White Collar Crime (en cours)

The Law of 22 August 2021 on combating climate change and strengthening resilience to its effects  inserted into the Environmental Code the three general offenses against physical environments: air or water pollution (Art. L. 231-1), waste pollution (Art. L. 231-2), and ecocide (Art. L. 231-3). The latter punishes intentional harm to physical environments and is heavily penalized. The law also established an offense of endangering the environment, which allows for the sanctioning of an immediate risk of serious and lasting harm to fauna, flora, or water quality (Art. 173-3-1).

Law No 2021-1104 of 22 August 2021 on combating climate change and strengthening resilience to its effects, OJ of 24 August 2021.

General attacks on physical environments

218. General attacks on physical environments