Introduction

Matrix organization

Mergers by absorption

Risks related to the expansion of the scope of criminal liability of legal entities

Validity conditions

Proof of delegation

Exemption from individual liability of delegator

Attribution of offense to legal entity

Delegations of authority

Criminal risk management within business organizations

Complicity in crimes against humanity

Breaches of secrecy

Personal data breaches

Theft

Extortion

Blackmail

Fraud

Misappropriation

Receiving/concealment of unlawfully obtained property (recel)

Attacks on automated data processing systems

Money laundering

Misappropriation by public official (concussion)

Corruption and influence peddling

Unlawful acquisition of an interest

Favoritism

Forgery and use of forgeries

Violation of Criminal Code

Offenses under the Monetary and Financial Code

Offenses under the Commercial Code

Environmental Code violations

Offenses arising from other codes

Types of offenses

Offenses under the Criminal Code, the Commercial Code, or the Environmental Code, Criminal procedure

White Collar Crime (en cours)

Article L. 231-1 of the Environmental Code penalizes the act of emitting into the air, throwing, discharging, or allowing the flow into surface or groundwater or sea water one or more polluting substances. This offense constitutes a result-based infraction for which serious and lasting harmful effects on health, flora, fauna, or serious alterations to the normal water supply regime must be observe …

Air pollution or water pollution

Article L. 231-1 of the Environmental Code penalizes the act of emitting into the air, throwing, discharging, or allowing the flow into surface or groundwater or sea water one or more polluting substances. This offense constitutes a result-based infraction for which serious and lasting harmful effects on health, flora, fauna, or serious alterations to the normal water supply regime must be observed.

The text considers as lasting “the harmful effects on health or damage to flora or fauna that are likely to last at least seven years” (Art. L.231-1, para. 3). It applies to emissions into the air only in cases of exceeding the emission limit values set by decision of the competent administrative authority, or for authorized discharge operations and the use of authorized substances, only in cases of non-compliance with the requirements set by the competent administrative authority.

This is a negligence offense that requires the characterization of a deliberate fault (Art. 121-3, para. 4, Criminal Code), meaning a manifestly deliberate violation of a specific obligation of prudence or safety provided by law or regulation.

White Collar Crime (en cours)

219. Air pollution or water pollution

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Les notions juridiques connexes

219. Air pollution or water pollution

Demandez un accès gratuit au contenu exclusif Livv – juristes d’entreprise

Les notions juridiques connexes

Demandez un accès gratuit
au contenu exclusif Livv – juristes d’entreprise